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Fire fighting systems |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 12:56 | Сообщение №1 |
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   | Portable extingishers
All purpose groups, except Purpose Groups and II (residential floors) shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 12:57 | Сообщение №2 |
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| Portable fire extinguishers where required to be provided shall be constructed in conformity with specifications stipulated under SS 232 Specification for Portable Extinguishers.
All portable fire extinguishers where required to be provided shall be charged, tested and maintained in fully operational conditions and properly tagged in conformity with requirements in SS CP 55 Code of Practice for Use and Maintenance of Portable Fire Extinguishers.
Portable fire extinguishers, which are designed to be carried and operated by hand, shall be installed in every building except dwelling units.
The gross weight of portable fire extinguisher, complete with all fittings and charged with the extinguishing agent and expellent, shall not exceed 20kg. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 12:57 | Сообщение №3 |
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| The owner or occupant of a property in which extinguishers are located shall be responsible for inspection, maintenance and recharging of extinguishers.
Proper and adequate maintenance comprise the following:
periodically inspecting each extinguisher;
recharging each extinguisher following discharge;
and performing hydrostatic tests as required. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 12:59 | Сообщение №4 |
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| Portable fire extinguishers provided in building are meant to be used by occupants as a first line defence, in handling fires of limited size. Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located in positions where they will be readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire. They shall be located along the normal paths of egress from a space to an exit. Fire extinguishers provided to deal with special risks shall be sited near the risk concerned, but not too near as to be inaccessible in case of fire.
Special purpose rooms
Where the special risk is contained in a confined space e.g. special purpose rooms, portable fire extinguishers should be sited outside the room, near the room exits as shown in diagram 6.1.2 - 2. This would allow occupants to ready themselves with the extinguishers before opening the door to the room where the fire is raging. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:00 | Сообщение №5 |
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| Installation, marking
Portable fire extinguishers provided shall be installed and conspicuously marked in accordance with requirements by SS CP 55.
Portable extinguishers shall be mounted on walls by the hangers or brackets supplied.
Portable extinguishers shall be installed so that the carrying handle of the extinguisher is not more than 1.5m above the floor.
Cabinet housing portable extinguisher shall not be locked. Where portable extinguishers are subject to malicious use, locked cabinets may be used provided they include means of emergency access e.g. a glass-fronted box to house key to unlock fire extinguisher cabinet. Such key shall be located next to the cabinet or as part of the cabinet.
The operating instructions of portable extinguishers shall be located on the front of the extinguisher. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:00 | Сообщение №6 |
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| RISING MAIN AND HOSE REEL SYSTEMS
Type of Rising Main
The type of rising main system shall be provided appropriate to the building as follows:
dry rising main shall be installed in buildings under purpose group IV, V, VII where the habitable height is more than 10m, but does not exceed 60m, wet rising main shall be installed in buildings with habitable height exceeding 60m, separate dry and wet rising main system in a building may be permitted by the Relevant Authority.
Provision of Dry Rising Mains Dry Rising Main (Dry Riser). A vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes, fitted with inlet connections at fire engine access level and landing valves on various floors, which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water usually by pumping from fire engine pumps.
Dry rising mains are basically dry water pipes. The empty mains need to be charged with water through the breeching inlets by fire appliance. The dry rising mains should not exceed 60m to avoid excessive pumping pressure.
Generally, building with a small foot print and the riser stack is located at the perimeter wall of the building, there is no need to provide landing valve at 1 storey level. However, if the riser stack is located deep inside the building as shown in diagram, then landing valve is required to be provided at 1 storey level.
Rising Main (Wet Riser).
A vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes and permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply, and fitted with landing valves on various floors.
Wet rising mains are constantly charged with water that provide the required flow rate and pressure for fire fighting and equipped with water storage capacity for a given duration of 60 minutes. The breeching inlets, which are usually provided at ground level, are meant for replenishing the water tank. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:01 | Сообщение №7 |
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| Separate dry and wet rising main system
Where a block of building has podium and tower blocks integrated
Tower block exceeding 60m in habitable height shall be provided with wet rising main.
Part of the podium area which is not covered by wet riser should be protected by dry rising main system even if the habitable height of the podium is less than 10m.
Notwithstanding the requirements in sub-clause (a), dry rising main conforming to SS CP 29 shall be provided to any part of a single or multiple level basement. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:01 | Сообщение №8 |
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| Rising main in basements
All basements except those under Purpose Group I are required to be covered by dry rising main, irrespective of the depth and number of basements below ground level. Rising main would help to provide continuous supply of water required by fire fighters during emergency. The provision would eliminate the tedious process of laying fire hoses from ground level into the basement floors to tackle any outbreak of fire.
Where the breeching inlets are provided at the foot of the riser stack, landing valve need not be provided at the 1 storey level.
Where the building has access from more than one ground level or road level, the height measurements for the purpose of this code shall be taken from the level of access way or fire engine access road (applicable to buildings under purpose group II) provided. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:02 | Сообщение №9 |
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| Type of Rising Mains to be installed in high rise buildings
For the purpose of determining the provision of rising main to commercial building, the habitable height shall be taken from the level of the fire engine access way where breeching inlets are provided.
Number, Location and Size of Rising Mains
The number and distribution of rising mains shall comply with the requirements stipulated in SS CP 29 Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant systems and Hose Reels.
Under normal circumstances, a building below 10m in habitable height would not require rising mains. However, if such buildings have very large floor area or footprint, whereby its internal areas are outside the coverage of a fire hose length of 38m from the fireman access panels, it is recommended that internal rising mains be incorporated to cover these areas. Otherwise, consultation with SCDF (FSSD) ought to be sought. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:02 | Сообщение №10 |
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| The criteria for determination of the number of rising mains are:
All buildings with habitable height exceeding 10m would require one or more rising mains. Each rising main shall not serve more than 930 m of any floor space subject to all parts of the floor to be within 38m from a landing valve.
Maximum coverage distance of 38m from a landing valve for all parts of any floors that are below a habitable height of 24m.
The provision of rising main shall be such that all parts of any floor are within 38m from a landing valve, measured along a route suitable for hoselines.
Position of rising mains and the associated landing valves shall be located in the following order of priority:
within smoke-stop lobby;
in the common area and within a protected shaft, immediately outside the exit staircase if there is no smoke-stop lobby;
inside exit staircase where smoke-stop lobby and common area are not provided.
Siting of rising mains
Rising main in protected lobby
In the above situation where the rising mains are located outside the staircases and along external exit passageway/external corridor which are naturally ventilated, there is no need to protect the rising main and landing valve separately, because the external exit passageway/external corridor is treated as ‘protected lobby’, for the purpose of interpretation and application of this requirement.
Rising main outside protected staircase. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:02 | Сообщение №11 |
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| Rising main inside protected staircase
The location of the rising main and its landing valve hould not cause obstruction to the escape path inside the staircase.
Rising mains situated at various positions within same building
As rising mains provide the ready water supply to fire fighters in the building, the rising main and its landing valve should be protected from fire or mechanical damage if they are located in common area inside the building and exposed to fire risk.
Size of rising mains shall comply with SS CP 29.
Size of rising mains. The minimum nominal bore of a rising main shall be:
100mm where the rising main does not exceed 45m in height and only one landing valve is provided at each floor.
100mm minimum nominal bore
150mm where the rising main either (i) exceeds 45m in height or (ii) is permitted to have two landing valves on any floor.
150mm min. nominal bore rising main |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:03 | Сообщение №12 |
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| The height of rising main is the habitable height measured from the fire engine access level to the finished floor level of the topmost floor served by the rising main, irrespective whether or not the main is extended above roof level. The above Fig. in diagram shows two landing valves being installed in the top 2 floors though the height of rising main does not exceed 45m, the minimum nominal bore of the rising main shall not be less than 150mm. See cl.2.4.1.2 of SS CP 29 which allows that where “one rising main is permitted for a floor area exceeding 930m², two landing valves shall be provided per floor, in which case the nominal bore of the rising main shall be 150mm”. However, this relaxation shall be applicable to maximum 2 floors per building, subject to each floor not exceeding 1400m².
Location and provisions for landing valves shall comply with SS CP 29. However, there is no need to provide landing valve to any rising main at 1 storey level if any part of that storey is not more than 38m from the external wall of the building. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:03 | Сообщение №13 |
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| Location of rising mains
The entire pipe work and landing valves comprising each rising main system inside the building shall be confined:
within a ventilated lobby of a protected lobby approach stairway, where this is provided, or in such other protected areas as may be agreed with SCDF(FSSD).
Rising mains shall be so located that they are protected against mechanical and fire damage.
No part of a rising main shall be placed in any shaft containing a gas, steam or fuel pipelines or electrical cables and wirings.
Where passing through other than protected area e.g. protected lobby shaft, pipes need to be encased or protected by fire rated material having 2-hours fire resistance rating.
Two rising mains are provided in the above diagram as the total floor area per storey is more than 930m2. In addition the distance from the most remote point in any office to the rising main landing valve shall not exceed 38m, measured along the route suitable for hoseline. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:04 | Сообщение №14 |
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| Not Acceptable
The above diagram shows rising main installed in the middle of a building, meeting both requirements of floor area (930m²) and distance coverage (38m). Such arrangement is deemed not acceptable to SCDF(FSSD).
Acceptable
The above diagram is an acceptable arrangement of positioning rising mains. Two stacks of rising main are required if the floor area exceeds 930m² or the distance exceeds 38m distance measured from the landing valve to the remote points.
Where the pipe work and landing valve are located outside protected lobby or area allowed by SCDF(FSSD), they shall be protected by approved 2-hours fire rated enclosures.
Breeching inlets and Accessways
All buildings fitted with rising mains shall have accessways or Fire engine access road (applicable to buildings under purpose group II) for pumping appliances within 18 m of the breeching inlet. The breeching inlets shall be visible from the access ways or fire engine access road.
Distance between breeching inlets and pumping appliances
The breeching inlets shall be located on the external wall of the building and to be within 18m of the fire engine accessway. The breeching inlets shall be visible from the adjacent accessway.
Thus, an accessway may serve more than one breeching inlet to one or more buildings, provided (i) is complied with.
Requirements and provisions for breeching inlets for the rising main system shall be in accordance with the SS CP 29 Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant systems and Hose Reels. Connecting pipe between the inlets and the vertical run of the rising main, where applicable, shall be kept as short as possible. (to the nearest external wall/facade of the building)
Connecting pipe between the inlets and the vertical run of the rising main shall be kept as short as possible. The total pressure loss of the dry rising main shall not exceed 6 bar based on the design water flow rate. This is to correspond with the maximum habitable height of 60m. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:04 | Сообщение №15 |
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| Wet Rising Main
Wet rising main
Capacity of the water supply from the public mains and the storage capacity for a wet rising main system shall comply with the requirements in SS CP 29 Code of Practice for Fire Hydrant systems and Hose Reels.
The water supply to the rising mains should be kept entirely independent of water supplies feeding other installations including those for other fire fighting systems.
Means of supply for wet rising mains
Each wet rising main shall be fed from a suction or storage tank having a minimum effective storage capacity capable of supplying water at the rate of 38 l/s for a period of at least 30 minutes.
The storage tank(s) shall be automatically supplied either directly or indirectly via other tanks from a PUB main(s). The pipe drawing water from PUB mains to the tank shall be at least 150mm in diameter.
Break tanks not serving as storage tanks shall have an effective holding capacity of not less than 11.5m³ for each wet rising main.
Water tanks for wet rising mains
Tanks supplying water for domestic purposes shall not be used as suction tanks for wet rising mains.
Flow
Flow requirements for wet rising main system shall comply with those stipulated in SS CP 29.
The following minimum water supply flow rate shall be maintained in the wet rising system when 3 landing valves within the system are in the fully open position:
27l/s for a residential bldg.
38 l/s for a non-residential and mixed occupancy bldg.
When more than one wet rising main is required in any zone in a building, the minimum common water supply shall be as stated below. Where the total maximum supply rate exceeds those stated in (i) and (ii) below, another common water supply system shall be used.
For a residential building 27 l/s for the first rising main and 13.5 l/s for each additional rising main, subject to a total maximum supply rate of 135 l/s.
For a non-residential or any mixed occupancy building 38 l/s for the first rising main and 19 l/s for each additional rising main, subject to a total maximum supply rate of 190 l/s.
Running pressure
Running pressure at each discharging landing valve on the wet rising main system shall be maintained between the minimum and maximum values as stipulated in SS CP 29.
A minimum running pressure of 3.5 bar and a maximum of 5.5 bar shall be maintained at each landing valve when any number, up to three, are fully opened. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:05 | Сообщение №16 |
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| Static pressure
Static pressure in any line of hose connected to a landing valve in a wet rising main system shall not exceed the specified value in SS CP 29.
To reduce the risk of hose bursting, arrangements shall be made in accordance with BS 5041: Pt 1 so that when the water is shut off at the nozzle the static pressure in any line of hose connected to a landing valve does not exceed 8 bar.
To dispose of excess flows and pressures over and above those required (ie when only one jet is in use) a pressure control valve shall be incorporated in the body of the landing valve which is then permanently connected into the relief pipe. This relief pipe should run throughout the length of the wet rising main installation and should terminate either back into the suction tank or to drain.
The location of storage tank and capacity of break tank where required shall comply with the requirements in SS CP 29.
The location and number of storage tank would be determined by the design of the wet rising main system and the height of the building. SS CP 29 should be fully complied with.
It is important that at early design stage of the building, the type of design of the wet rising main system should be drawn up to allow allocation of space for pumps and water tanks.
Usually, storage tanks and pumps are located in mechanical service floor in upper storey and basement, and on the roof of the building.
The capacity of break tank shall have an effective holding capacity of not less than 11.5m³ for each wet rising main. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:06 | Сообщение №17 |
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| Footnote:
Storage tank is water tank having a minimum effective wet rising main storage capacity capable of supplying water at a given rate for a period of at least 30 minutes.
Break tank is either (a) a tank into which the incoming supply connection from the PUB water mains discharge, or (b) an intermediate tank for limiting the system pressure.
Suction tank is a tank from which a pump can draw water. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:09 | Сообщение №18 |
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| Standby Fire Hose For Rising Main
Standby fire hose shall be required for every rising main except for those in buildings under purpose group II. The following requirements shall be complied with:
Type and Folding Method
The standby fire hose shall be of 63.5mm nominal internal diameter in order to ensure that the hose coupling will fit existing coupling tail pieces. The hose shall be rugged and capable of carrying water under substantive pressure in accordance with BS 6391. The fire hose shall be of Type 3 as stipulated in the BS 6391.
The fire hose couplings shall be manufactured to BS specification or equivalent and of light alloy or gunmetal. The coupling shall be of type 63.5mm male and be of the female instantaneous type with standard (double-pull) release mechanism. The couplings shall be tied in by binding with galvanized mild steel wire and applied over a hose guard of synthetic fibre. It shall be able to withstand a minimum working pressure of 15 bars. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:09 | Сообщение №19 |
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| Each hose shall have a standard length of 30m and shall be kept stowed in a Dutch Rolled position and housed in a glass fronted cabinet. The Dutch Roll shall be rolled in the manner shown in Diagram.
Position
The fire hose shall be installed just next to, but not more than 2 meters from the landing valve as shown in Diagram.
The entire fire hose and cabinet shall be out of direct sunlight.
Mounting
The wall mounted fire hose and cabinet shall be as follows:
The cabinet shall be firmly mounted on the wall and rigid to take either one or two fire hose weight.
The cabinet shall be constructed of non- combustible material and maintenance free.
The cabinet lock, if provided, shall be one of the type that could be operated manually from the inside without the use of a key when the front plain glass/plastic (minimum 300mm x 300mm) is broken by the fire fighter.
The cabinet swing door shall be mode openable such that it will not obstruct the retrieving of the fire hose by the fire fighter.
The depth of the cabinet shall not exceed 250mm for one fire hose or 350mm for two fire hoses.
The cabinet shall be painted in a contrasting colour such that it is conspicuous and easily identified.
The wording, “FIRE HOSE”, with letter height of at least 50mm and shown in contrasting colour, shall be painted directly on the front panel as shown in Diagram.
In lieu of the cabinet, simple wall mounted cradle for the fire hose can be provided, but only in the riser main shaft. The cradle shall be constructed and positioned to facilitate the retrieving of fire hose by the fire fighter. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 15.10.2017, в 13:10 | Сообщение №20 |
СтарожилПользователь №: 2125
Сообщений: 375
| The cradle (in lieu of the cabinet) shall be maintenance free. The fire hose installation height shall be limited as indicated in Diagram
General
Only clean, dry and compact rolled (Dutch Roll with the Velcro strap secured as shown in the Diagram hose shall be placed in the cabinet.
Two length of spare fire hoses shall be kept in stock and ready for replacement.
BS 6391 stipulates the technical requirements for quality acceptance standards of the fire hose. In addition, the abovementioned requirements shall be applicable for acceptance of the standby fire hose.
Standby hose provides the fire fighter greater hose length connection in situation where the floor space is extensive. The hose from other floors could be transferred to the fire floor quickly when required by fire fighters. Standby hose shall be kept locked in a cabinet, when placed along escape corridor, in common area and circulation space. The hose is allowed to be left mounted on hook or cradle inside the riser shaft.
Building under construction
When a building in pursuance of, is required to be equipped with rising mains, such rising mains shall be installed progressively as the building attains height during the course of construction. All outlets, landing valves and inlets, water tanks and pumps, and hydrants as may be required for the system, shall be properly installed as directed by the Relevant Authority so as to be readily operational in case of fire. Please see Appendix (C) for technical guidelines on the provision of rising mains for buildings under construction. |
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