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Building security and fire protection |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:12 | Сообщение №1 |
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   | Glossary
Controlled or hazardous products: TTSPPs and other products with high illicit value: poisons, narcotics, psychotropic products, inflammable or explosive substances and radioactive materials.
Key fob: A small security device with built-in authentication used to control entry to a building and/or entry through internal doors within a building.
Pharmaceutical product: Any product intended for human use or veterinary product intended for administration to food producing animals, presented in its finished dosage form, that is subject to control by pharmaceutical legislation in either the exporting or the importing state and includes products for which a prescription is required, products which may be sold to patients without a prescription, biologicals and vaccines. Medical devices are not included
Service Level Agreement (SLA): A service level agreement or contract is a negotiated agreement between the customer and service provider that defines the common understanding about materials or service quality specifications, responsibilities, guarantees and communication mechanisms. It can either be legally binding, or an information agreement. The SLA may also specify the target and minimum level performance, operation or other service attributes
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): A set of instructions having the force of a directive, covering those features of operations that lend themselves to a definite or standardized procedure without loss of effectiveness. Standard operating policies and procedures can be effective catalysts to drive performance improvement and improve organizational results.
Third Party Accreditation: Accreditation or certification by an organization that issues credentials or certifies third parties against official standards as a means of establishing that a contractor is competent to undertake a specific type of work. Third party accreditation organizations are themselves formally accredited by accreditation bodies; hence they are sometimes known as "accredited certification bodies". The accreditation process ensures that their certification practices are acceptable, typically meaning that they are competent to test and certify third parties, behave ethically and employ suitable quality assurance.
Time and temperature sensitive pharmaceutical product (TTSPP):
Any pharmaceutical good or product which, when not stored or transported within pre- defined environmental conditions and/or within pre-defined time limits, is degraded to the extent that it no longer performs as originally intended.
Introduction
This technical supplement has been written to amplify the recommendations given in WHO Technical Report Series No. 961, 2011, Annex 9: Model guidance for the storage and transport of time- and temperature-sensitive pharmaceutical products. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:13 | Сообщение №2 |
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| Requirements
Ensure that buildings used to store TTSPPs have sufficient security to prevent unauthorized access and to prevent misappropriation of goods.
Ensure that all areas that are used to store controlled or hazardous TTSPPs are:
Dedicated, securely locked facilities that fully comply with all legislative and regulatory requirements applicable in the country where the store is located;
Only accessible to authorized staff;
Protected by automatic intruder and/or fire and smoke, and/or chemical and/or radiological sensor alarm systems appropriate to the type(s) of product being stored;
Designed to be explosion-proof, where explosive TTSPPs are stored; and
Continuously monitored by security staff or by a qualified external security company. Continuous monitoring may be on-site or remote.
Provide suitable fire detection and fire-fighting equipment, including fire hydrants, in all TTSPP storage areas and ensure that:
Systems and equipment are appropriate for the class of occupancy and product storage arrangements and are approved by the local fire authority; and
Equipment is regularly serviced in accordance with the equipment manufacturers’ recommendations and local regulations.
Follow standard operating procedures (SOPs) for fire prevention, detection and control. Train staff and carry out regular fire drills. Prohibit smoking in all areas.
Objectives
The objectives of the Technical Supplement are to provide guidance on how to meet the above requirements with regard to building security, fire prevention, fire detection and management of the buildings.
Target audience
This document is written for managers of buildings used to store TTSPPs, security personnel and the person designated as the “responsible person” who must carry out a fire risk assessment of the premises. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:16 | Сообщение №3 |
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| Guidance
General building security
Windows and doors at ground floor level are most vulnerable and therefore they should be fitted with good quality locks. Shutters or fixed security bars are also recommended on windows.
Preferrably buildings should be protected by an automatic intruder alarm system.
The building should be kept locked and all keys should be kept under close control. Keys should be distributed to nominated key holders only and regular checks should be made to ensure that they have not been lost. The locks should be of a type whose keys cannot easily be copied, or can only be duplicated with the written authorisation of the building manager.
If resources permit, key fob and/or number code entry systems should be used instead of keys. This type of entry system eliminates the need for additional keys to be cut and allows access to be recorded on a computer. This technology also allows lost key fobs to be deleted easily from the system and door codes to be changed regularly.
Where resources permit an audio or video entry system is recommended for additional security.
Controlled and hazardous substances areas
All areas used to store controlled or hazardous TTSPPs must be securely locked and must fully comply with all legislative and regulatory requirements applicable in the country where the store is located.
These areas should only be accessible to authorized staff and they should be protected by a suitable range of automatic alarm systems appropriate to the types of products being stored and the likely risks. These alarm systems may include intruder detection, fire and smoke, and sensor systems to detect chemical and/or radiological hazards.
Areas used to store potentially explosive substances should be designed to be explosion- proof. All areas should be continuously monitored by security staff by carrying regular patrols, as a minimum, or by closed-circuit television (CCTV) where resources permit. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:18 | Сообщение №4 |
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| Fire detection systems
Suitable fire protection equipment should be provided in all TTSPP storage areas. It is essential that the following are provided:
Automatic fire detection and alarm system: This should be designed, installed and maintained to the relevant standards. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:21 | Сообщение №5 |
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| Fire suppression equipment
The following protection systems are desirable where resources allow:
An automatic sprinkler system (fire suppression system): This should be designed, installed and maintained to the relevant standard;
A smoke ventilation system: This may be manually or automatically operated. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:21 | Сообщение №6 |
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| Sprinkler systems
An automatic fire suppression system should be provided in accordance with the relevant standards. It is recommended that the system should be installed and maintained by a contractor who carries appropriate third party accreditation.
Fire-fighting water can be supplied from one of the following sources:
City mains water supply: The agreement of the water authority is usually required for a city mains connection. Where water quality is poor, strainers must be fitted on all connections to the mains supply. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:22 | Сообщение №7 |
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| Storage tanks: This can be a pump suction tank, gravity tank or reservoir.
Inexhaustible sources: This includes lakes or rivers.
Pressure tanks. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:24 | Сообщение №8 |
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| | Where the goods are stored in pallet racks the provision of in-rack sprinklers as well as roof level sprinklers is recommended. The sprinkler bulbs in the in-rack sprinkler heads activate at a much lower temperature than those at roof level; consequently the fire- fighting water is discharged in a more localised area. This means that the fire can be contained with a lower amount of water damage than would be expected from the discharge of roof level sprinklers. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:25 | Сообщение №9 |
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| Smoke ventilation systems
Automatic smoke vents are generally provided to assist means of escape from the building. By venting smoke build-up at high level, the occupants can escape from the building underneath the smoke layer in reasonably safe conditions. Additional manually operated smoke vents are generally provided to aid the fire and rescue service with smoke clearance once the fire has been extinguished.
Where both sprinkler systems and smoke vents are provided in a building the interaction between them must be carefully considered. Research by Factory Mutual in the early 1970s, which remain relevant, showed that the provision of automatically operating smoke vents can cause delays in the operation of sprinkler systems. The reason for this is that automatic smoke vents open when triggered by smoke, whereas sprinklers operate when heat is detected. As smoke is generally detected more quickly than heat, Factory Mutual concluded that sprinklers would perform more effectively if there were no vents. Their reasoning was that the building would fill with smoke; this creates low oxygen conditions which limits combustion, allowing the sprinklers to extinguish the fire more effectively. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:25 | Сообщение №10 |
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| | However, where life safety is the predominant requirement and a smoke control solution is used to protect the escape routes within a building, current guidance requires the smoke vents to operate automatically; the vents will therefore activate before the sprinkler system. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:26 | Сообщение №11 |
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| Compartmentation
Buildings are often divided into compartments enclosed in fire-resisting construction; this approach provides passive fire protection by inhibiting the spread of fire within the building. In order to comply with local Building Regulations, the size of individual compartments may have to be limited.
Compartment size is determined by the overall size of the building, the number of storeys, and whether or not an automatic sprinkler system is provided.
In the UK, for example, single storey storage buildings which are not provided with sprinklers can have a maximum area of 20,000m2; where sprinklers are provided the maximum area is unlimited.
Fire prevention, training and control procedures
Preventing fires from occurring is as important as having properly working fire safety systems to deal with a fire incident. The main objective is to create an operating environment in which fires are prevented from starting in the first place. If a fire does break out, the aim is to prevent it from developing beyond a very minor event.
Risk assessment
The first step in fire prevention is to assess the risks and record them in a risk register8. Review and assess the means by which a fire might start and spread, the potential consequences and the available approaches to risk mitigation. This includes day-to-day operations, risks associated with periodic building and maintenance work and those arising from installing new equipment, or adopting new or changing technologies.
Fire prevention
Set out below are the principal actions that need to be taken to monitor the behaviour of workers and prevent fires from occurring:
Smoking is one of the greatest fire risks and it should be prohibited in all buildings and workplaces. Where there is no legal prohibition, smoking should only be allowed in designated smoking areas and fire-safe ashtrays and bins should be provided.
Enforce good housekeeping practices; this includes implementing routines for the regular removal and disposal of waste;
Establish and maintain out-of-hours inspection and security procedures, including means of preventing arson;
Carry out routine checks, inspections, and tests, including monitoring the maintenance of heat generating equipment that could cause fires, chafing of cables, self-heating of cables due to electrical resistance and checks on fuel supplies and storage.
Issue and control work permits and associated procedures;
Instruct and supervise contractors and sub-contractors carrying out construction and maintenance operations within the building;
Avoid conditions leading to gas and dust explosion hazards;
Maintain integration with other systems (e.g. ventilation, communications). |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:27 | Сообщение №12 |
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| Fire safety training
All employees should be given fire safety training by a person who is competent in the subject and who understands effective training methods. If relevant expertise is not available within the organization, an independant expert – for example from the fire brigade – should be engaged to provide training.
Fire safety training should start with induction training on the first day of appointment of new staff. There should be refresher training at least once a year to ensure that all staff are familiar with the fire precautions for the workplace and are reminded of the actions to take in an emergency. More frequent training should be given where there is a high turnover of staff, or a high risk of fire. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:28 | Сообщение №13 |
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| All staff, including part-time staff, security staff, cleaning staff and contractors should be trained and instructed in:
Risk awareness;
Smoking policy;
Basic fire prevention;
Good housekeeping. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:28 | Сообщение №14 |
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| Incident reporting procedures, including for “near miss” events and false alarms. A “no blame” reporting culture should be encouraged.
Supervisory and other staff who have specific responsibility for fire safety should receive detailed instruction in their own duties and appropriate refresher training at least once, and preferrably twice a year. Staff with particular responsibilities are likely to include:
Department heads;
Fire marshals or fire wardens;
Floor supervisors;
Security staff (including night security patrols);
Engineering and maintenance staff;
Receptionists and telephonists.
Fire control procedures
Follow the standard operating procedure (SOP) for housekeeping – see Annex 1.
Follow the standard operating procedure (SOP) for routine inspection of fire safety installations– see Annex 2.
Follow the standard operating procedure (SOP) for fire drills– see Annex 3.
Annex 1 – SOP: Fire safety housekeeping |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:29 | Сообщение №15 |
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| Policy and objectives
Policy
In order to protect property and life, standard operating policies should be followed for fire prevention, detection and control.
Objectives
This SOP describes the housekeeping routines that should be followed in order to manage fire safety and to prevent fires from occurring within the building.
Responsibility
The Fire Safety Manager or Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Manager has day-to- day responsibility for the prevention of fires.
Note: It is essential to designate a Fire Safety Manager or EHS Manager to oversee the activities described in this SOP.
Associated materials and equipment
None. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:29 | Сообщение №16 |
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| Procedure
Reducing ignition sources
Identify and control potential ignition sources.
Responsibility: Fire Safety or EHS Manager
Smoking. Smoking is not permitted in any areas of the building. Control illicit smoking by appropriate management, or consider providing smoking areas outside the building, provided with fire safe ash-trays and bins.
Naked flames, e.g. candles, or heaters using naked flames are not permitted.
Hot works9 will only be carried out after a permit to work has been issued.
Food and drink preparation and consumption will only be carried out in rest areas designated for this purpose.
Misused or faulty electrical equipment should be reported immediately and replaced or removed.
Overheated or worn cables should be repaired or replaced.
Lighting displays, e.g. halogen lights, should not be placed near flammable material.
In areas where flammable, volatile or explosive materials are stored, ensure that electrical fittings are suitable for the risk classification.
All equipment should be installed, maintained, used and managed in the appropriate manner by competent persons. This should be supported by staff training.
Reducing fuel load
The amount of combustible material should be reduced, or stored more safely.
Responsibility: Fire Safety or EHS Manager
Reduce the fire load. For example replace bottled gas heating with electric heating sources, or reduce the amount of bottled gas stored within the building.
Store goods in an appropriate manner, e.g. in dedicated store rooms.
Store and use highly flammable substances safely, and store in appropriate storage containers.
Control the amount of rubbish and how it is stored. Store rubbish in a safe location away from buildings, preferably in a designated area. Rubbish bins within the building should be emptied on a daily basis.
Remove redundant services from voids as these can constitute a significant fire load.
Maintenance of fire protection measures
Check regularly that fire protection measures are available at all times and able to carry out their function in a fire.
Responsibility: Fire Safety or EHS Manager
Keep escape routes clear at all times. Goods and equipment must not be stored on escape routes or allowed to block exits, as this provides an unwanted fire load and a potential ignition source and constitutes a life safety risk.
Maintain door locks, panic bars and automatic door release mechanisms so that they open easily in an emergency.
Do not obstruct fire alarm call points, portable fire extinguishers or fire hydrants with stored goods, machinery or parked vehicles.
Maintain and test all fire safety equipment (fire alarms, emergency lighting, and fire extinguishers) in accordance with the relevant standard by competent persons – see companion SOP: Routine inspection and maintenance of fire safety installations.
Certain parts of the building may contain flammable elements which can contribute to fire spread, such as insulated core panels surrounding cold rooms and other temperature controlled areas. Panels should be checked regularly and any damaged panels repaired.
Goods should not be stored close to windows. If the building has a sprinkler system, goods should not be stacked higher than the maximum height recommended in the applicable standard. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:30 | Сообщение №17 |
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| Annex 2 – SOP: Routine inspection and maintenance
Policy and objectives
Policy
In order to protect property and life, standard operating policies should be followed for fire prevention, detection and control.
Objectives
This SOP describes the routine inspections that should be carried out on any fire safety installations provided in the building.
The fire safety equipment provided within the building, including passive fire protection provisions, should be inspected frequently. Most of the inspection can be undertaken by suitably trained personnel; however if installations such as automatic sprinkler systems and smoke ventilation systems are provided then a formal Service Level Agreement (SLA) should be made with the installer to provide regular inspection and testing in accordance with the applicable standards.
Responsibility
The Fire Safety or Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Manager has day-to-day responsibility for the prevention of fires.
Note: It is essential to designate a Fire Safety Manager or Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Manager to oversee the activities described in this SOP.
Associated materials and equipment
None. |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:30 | Сообщение №18 |
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| Procedure
Daily inspections
Responsibility: Fire Safety or EHS Manager
Check automatic fire detection and alarm systems to ensure that:
The control panel indicates normal operation;
If a fault is indicated it should be logged and action taken to rectify it;
Any fault recorded on the previous day has received attention.
Check emergency and escape lighting systems to ensure that:
Every lamp is lit, if it is a maintained system;
The control panel for any central battery system or generator indicates normal operation;
Any fault found is logged and action taken to rectify it.
Check sprinkler system to ensure that:
There is continuity of the connections between the alarm switch and the control unit and between the control unit and the fire and rescue service;
The water level and air pressure are correct in any pressure tank that provides a duplicate supply;
Any corrective actions are taken.
Fire doors that are held open by automatic release mechanisms should be released daily.
Check every point where a portable fire extinguisher or hose reel is usually located. Missing or damaged fire extinguishers or hose reels should be replaced or repaired immediately. Any extinguishers used in a fire, or for training, or which are otherwise discharged, should be recharged immediately.
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Отредактированно 13.10.2017 г. в 08:50:40 |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:31 | Сообщение №19 |
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| Document findings and corrective/preventive actions if applicable.
Weekly inspections
Responsibility: Fire Safety or EHS Manager
Check automatic fire detection and alarm systems to ensure that:
The control equipment is able to receive a fire signal and to initiate the evacuation procedure, recording which trigger device has been used;
Any standby batteries are in good condition and the fuel, oil and coolant levels of any standby generators are correct and topped up if necessary.
Check the sprinkler system to ensure that:
Water and air pressure gauge readings on installations, trunk mains and pressure tanks, and water levels in elevated private reservoirs, rivers, canals, lakes, water storage tanks, etc., meet the design criteria and that all gauge readings and levels are recorded;
Each water motor alarm has been sounded for at least 30 seconds;
Automatic pumps start when the water pressure is reduced to the specified level;
For automated pumps powered by a diesel engine:
The fuel and oil levels of the engine meet the design and/or manufacturer’s specification;
The oil pressure, flow of cooling water through open-circuit cooling systems, or the water level in the primary circuit of closed-circuit cooling systems, all meet the design and/or manufacturer’s specification;
The engine restarts using the manual start test button;
The electrolyte level and density of all lead acid cells meet the design and/or manufacturer’s specification. If the density is low the battery charger should be checked for efficient operation and if the charger is working correctly the affected cells should be replaced;
The stop valves which control the flow of water to the sprinkler systems from the water supply are in the correct position and any monitoring systems are working correctly;
There is continuity of connection between the alarm switch and the control unit and between the control unit and the fire and rescue service for alarm systems which are automatically monitored by the emergency service provider;
Trace heating systems provided to prevent freezing in the sprinkler systems are functioning correctly.
Check any smoke control systems provided for means of escape by simulating actuation of the system. Ensure that any fans and powered exhaust ventilators operate correctly, smoke dampers close, natural exhaust ventilators open, automatic smoke curtains move into position, etc.
Check fire hydrants once a week to ensure that there are no obstructions which may impede access, that the indicator plates are in position and visible and that the isolating valves are locked open.
Document findings and corrective/preventive actions if applicable.
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Отредактированно 13.10.2017 г. в 08:52:35 |
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| Engineer | Дата: 12.10.2017, в 18:32 | Сообщение №20 |
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| Monthly inspections
Responsibility: Fire Safety or EHS Manager
Check the fire detection and alarm system by carrying out the following actions:
Simulate failure of the normal power supply and start up the standby generator, allow it to energize the system for at least one hour and monitor the system for any malfunctioning caused by use of the generator;
Restore the normal power supply and then test the charging arrangements for the generator starting battery. If they are not functioning correctly then appropriate action should be taken;
Top up oil and coolant levels and fill the fuel tanks.
Check the emergency lighting system by carrying out the following actions:
Simulate failure of the supply to the normal lighting and inspect all luminaires and exit signs to ensure they are functioning correctly.
If the standby supply is from a generator with back-up batteries, a test should be carried out to determine whether all luminaires and exit signs function correctly, even if the generator is prevented from starting.
Repair or replace any luminaires or exit signs that do not function correctly.
Restore supply to the normal lighting and ensure that:
Indicator lamps or devices to self-contained luminaires or internally illuminated exit signs show that the normal supply has been restored;
Indicator lamps or devices to central battery systems show that the normal supply has been restored, and that the charging arrangements are functioning correctly;
The charging arrangements for any battery for starting a generator are functioning correctly;
Oil and coolant levels are topped up and fuel tanks filled.
Check hose reels visually once a month to ensure there are no leaks and that drum assemblies are free to rotate on their spindles.
Check the operation of fail-safe mechanisms on automatic opening doors, either by “breaking out” the doorset, i.e. pushing it open manually, or simulating failure of the mains supply. Record the results of the test and repair or replace any faulty doors.
Check doors on hold-open devices by simulating failure of the mains power supply or operation of the fire alarm system. Record the results of the test and repair or replace any faulty hold open devices.
Check all emergency and panic escape devices on escape doors (especially on external doors not used for other purposes) to ensure ease of operation and opening of the door, as the door and frame relationship can be affected by weather conditions.
Document findings and corrective/preventive actions if applicable.
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Отредактированно 13.10.2017 г. в 08:53:59 |
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